Protection Factors are Ratios

Risk ratios and odds ratios--what are they?

A risk ratio (sometimes called relative risk, both abbreviated to RR) and an odds ratio (OR) are ways of expressing a comparison between two proportions. For example, in this paper, there are two randomised groups in the trial, women in the lateral position and women in the supported sitting position in the passive second stage of labour. The authors wanted to compare the proportions of instrum...

Protection and Damage Factors

Natural agents affect the abundance, distribution, and stature of California's hardwoods, as well as that of almost any biological species. In addition to affecting the vascular plants, the agents interact with each other, either enhancing or mitigating the influence on the overall biotic community. The agents may be biotic, such as insects, diseases, or herbivores, or abiotic, such as various ...

Are corporates ’ target leverage ratios time - dependent ?

This paper extends the stationary-leverage-ratio model to incorporate a time-dependent target leverage ratio. The theoretical hypothesis of the existence of a time-dependent target leverage ratio reflects the movement of a firm’s initial target ratio toward a long-term target ratio over time. Using some simple scenarios about the time-dependence of the target leverage ratio, the numerical resul...

Coupling factors, visual rhythms, and synchronization ratios

The inter-group entrainment study by Lucas, Clayton, and Leante (2011) is an interesting research report that advances studies in both empirical ethnomusicology and entrainment research in several ways, and provides an important addition to the much needed empirical case studies on musical entrainment. I submit that the authors’ analysis of an instant of resistance to entrainment is a key demon...

Are Abnormal Yolk Sac Characteristics Important Factors in Abortion Rates?